Space and the Schengen cooperation is based on the Schengen Treaty of 1985. The Schengen area is an area where free movement of persons is guaranteed. The States Parties to the Treaty abolished all internal frontiers replaced by a single external border. Within that space apply common rules and procedures relating to visas, short stay, asylum and border controls. Simultaneously, to ensure safety within the Schengen area, has been strengthened cooperation and coordination between the police and judicial authorities. The Schengen cooperation was incorporated under the laws of the European Union (EU) through the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997. However, not all participants in the Schengen cooperation are members of the Schengen area, they do not want to abolish border controls or they do not fulfill the requirements for the implementation of the Schengen acquis.
Over 80s has opened a debate on the meaning of free movement of persons. For some Member States, the concept of free movement must apply only to European citizens, which required it to maintain border controls to distinguish citizens from third countries. Other Member States advocated instead a movement per tutti, con la conseguente abolizione di detti controlli alle frontiere. Vista l’impossibilità di giungere a un accordo, Francia, Germania, Belgio, Lussemburgo e Paesi Bassi hanno deciso nel 1985 di creare fra di essi un territorio senza frontiere, il cosiddetto «spazio Schengen», dal nome della città lussemburghese nella quale sono stati firmati i primi accordi. In virtù della firma del trattato di Amsterdam, tale cooperazione intergovernativa è stata integrata nell’Unione europea (UE) il 1° maggio 1999.
Lo sviluppo e l'estensione della cooperazione Schengen
to reconcile freedom and security, freedom of movement has been accompanied by so-called "compensatory measures" to improve cooperation and coordination between the police and judicial authorities in order to preserve the internal security of Member States and in particular to fight effectively against organized crime. It is in this context was developed the Schengen Information System (SIS). The SIS is a sophisticated database that allows the competent authorities of the Schengen states to exchange information on identity of certain categories of people and goods.
The Schengen area has been extended to almost all Member States. The agreements were signed November 27, 1990 from Italy, Spain and Portugal from June 25, 1991, November 6, 1992 by Greece, Austria April 28, 1995 and from Denmark, Finland and Sweden December 19, 1996. Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia joined December 21, 2007 while Switzerland has joined 12 December 2008. Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania are not yet full members of Schengen, border controls between them and the Schengen area will persist until the European Council decides that the conditions for the abolition dei controlli alle frontiere esterne sono state rispettate. (Per la posizione del Regno Unito e dell’Irlanda, vedasi in appresso.)
Le misure adottate dagli Stati membri nel quadro della cooperazione Schengen
Le norme principali adottate nel quadro di Schengen prevedono tra l'altro:
- l'abolizione dei controlli sulle persone alle frontiere interne;
- un insieme di norme comuni da applicare alle persone che attraversano le frontiere esterne degli Stati membri UE;
- the harmonization of conditions of entry and the granting of visas for short stays;
- the strengthening of cooperation between the police (including the right to cross-border surveillance and hot pursuit);
- the strengthening of judicial cooperation through a faster extradition system and a better transfer of enforcement of criminal judgments;
- the creation and development of the Schengen Information System (SIS).
The integration of the Schengen acquis into the EU framework
I progressi compiuti dall’UE grazie a Schengen sono stati integrati nel trattato di Amsterdam mediante un protocollo addizionale. La cooperazione è stata rafforzata, come dimostra l’inserimento dello spazio Schengen nel quadro giuridico e istituzionale dell’UE, nel cui ambito beneficia di un controllo parlamentare e istituzionale. La libera circolazione delle persone, che già figurava tra gli obiettivi dell’Atto unico europeo del 1986, è ormai una realtà. Al tempo stesso, però, si assicura un controllo parlamentare democratico e si dà ai cittadini i cui diritti vengono contestati la possibilità di adire le istituzioni giudiziarie authorities (Court of Justice and / or national courts, depending on the sector).
The EU Council has had to take a number of decisions to achieve this integration. First, the Council has been replaced, in accordance with the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Executive Committee established by the Schengen agreements. By Decision 1999/307/EC 1 May 1999, the Council has laid down detailed integration of the Schengen Secretariat, in particular the people who composed it, in the Secretariat General of the Council. Subsequently, sono stati creati nuovi gruppi di lavoro per aiutare il Consiglio a gestire i lavori.
Uno dei compiti più impegnativi che ha comportato per il Consiglio l’integrazione dello spazio Schengen è consistito nel selezionare, tra tutte le disposizioni e le misure prese dagli Stati firmatari di detti accordi intergovernativi, quelle che costituivano un vero e proprio acquis , ossia un insieme di atti da conservare ad ogni costo se si voleva proseguire la cooperazione. Con le decisioni 1999/435/CE e 1999/436/EC of 20 May 1999 was adopted the list of elements that make up the 'acquis defining for each of them, the corresponding legal basis in the European Treaties (EC Treaty or TEU). Most of these acts are published in the Official Journal. Since then, the Schengen legislation was further developed. For example, some articles of the Schengen Convention have been replaced by the new legislation (eg. the Code Schengen Borders ).
relations with third countries: common principles
The progressive extension of the Schengen area to all the EU Member States led some countries which have special relations with the EU to participate in the Schengen cooperation. The prerequisite that non-EU countries must meet to join the Schengen acquis is the signing of an agreement on free movement of persons between those States and the EU (as stipulated by the Agreement on Economic European in the case of Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein, and the agreement on free movement of persons in the case of Switzerland).
This participation allows these countries to:
- be included in the space formed by the absence of internal border controls;
- apply the provisions of the Schengen and all adopted texts on the guiding principles (text "Schengen relevant");
- be involved in decision making relevant texts "Schengen relevant."
In practice, this association makes use of joint committees which meet on the sidelines of the EU Council working groups. These bring together representatives of the Governments of the Member States of the EU Commission and the governments of third countries. The associated countries are therefore taking part in discussions on the development of the Schengen acquis, but does not participate in voting. Has established various procedures for notification and acceptance of measures or future acts.
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